{"id":9128,"date":"2020-11-19T11:14:46","date_gmt":"2020-11-19T10:14:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/le-changement-climatique-et-limpact-sur-les-especes-halieutiques\/"},"modified":"2020-11-19T11:14:50","modified_gmt":"2020-11-19T10:14:50","slug":"le-changement-climatique-et-limpact-sur-les-especes-halieutiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/en\/le-changement-climatique-et-limpact-sur-les-especes-halieutiques\/","title":{"rendered":"Le changement climatique et l\u2019impact sur les esp\u00e8ces halieutiques"},"content":{"rendered":"

Comme nous le savons, les activit\u00e9s humaines ont un impact r\u00e9el sur le climat, nous entrons dans une aire de changements globaux, les esp\u00e8ces qui peuplent la plan\u00e8te devront s\u2019adapter. Mais qu\u2019en est-il de l\u2019effet du r\u00e9chauffement climatique sur les ressources halieutiques\u00a0?<\/p>\n

\"\"L\u2019une des cons\u00e9quences du r\u00e9chauffement climatique est la modification des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes marins. En effet ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne agit sur la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau, la teneur en oxyg\u00e8ne mais aussi le pH des oc\u00e9ans. Ces modifications ont un impact direct sur les organismes qui peuplent ces milieux (croissance, respiration, cycle de vie, etc.) et indirect (relations proies\/pr\u00e9dateurs, modification des habitats). En changeant les param\u00e8tres physico-chimiques des oc\u00e9ans, la cha\u00eene trophique et la productivit\u00e9 de l\u2019ensemble des organismes marins seront donc perturb\u00e9es du phytoplancton aux grands pr\u00e9dateurs. Ces modifications auront un effet sur le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de r\u00e9silience des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, il s\u2019agit de leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 retrouver leur fonctionnement d\u2019origine apr\u00e8s avoir connu un bouleversement. Les cons\u00e9quences du r\u00e9chauffement climatique seront donc rapidement sans retour possible.<\/p>\n

Des constats sont d\u2019ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9tablis. Ainsi depuis les cinquante derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es nous observons un d\u00e9calage des saisons avec un printemps et un \u00e9t\u00e9 plus pr\u00e9coce de plus de 4 jours par d\u00e9cennies en moyenne. On constate aussi des d\u00e9placements de certaines esp\u00e8ces marines allant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 plus de 1000 kilom\u00e8tres vers le nord (Poloczanska, 2014[1]<\/span><\/a>). Ces migrations dans le milieu marin sont plus rapides que sur le milieu terrestre. Les poissons et invert\u00e9br\u00e9s marins r\u00e9agissent donc au r\u00e9chauffement des oc\u00e9ans en migrant vers des plus hautes latitudes et dans des eaux plus profondes.<\/p>\n

Associ\u00e9 au changement climatique, des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels accentuent ces migrations telle que l\u2019Oscillation Nord Atlantique, il s\u2019agit d\u2019une variation de la temp\u00e9rature de l\u2019eau dans la direction Nord-Sud dans la zone Atlantique Nord. Actuellement dans une phase de r\u00e9chauffement, elle contribue \u00e0 la diminution du nombre d\u2019esp\u00e8ces d\u2019eau froide.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Selon diff\u00e9rents mod\u00e8les, pour les esp\u00e8ces p\u00each\u00e9es, on pourrait observer une nouvelle r\u00e9partition entre les hautes latitudes, qui connaitraient une hausse de la capacit\u00e9 de capture de 30 \u00e0 70 %, et les r\u00e9gions tropicales qui elles subiraient une baisse allant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 40 % (Cheung et al., 2009)[2]<\/span><\/a>. A titre d\u2019exemple, d\u2019ici 2055, les ZEE[3]<\/span><\/a> de la Norv\u00e8ge, du Groenland, de l\u2019Alaska aux Etats-Unis et la Russie pourraient augmenter fortement leurs d\u00e9barquements \u00e0 l\u2019inverse de r\u00e9gions comme les ZEE de l\u2019Indon\u00e9sie, du Chili et de la Chine qui subiraient une diminution. Au niveau social, particuli\u00e8rement dans la fili\u00e8re p\u00eache, le r\u00e9chauffement climatique pourrait accro\u00eetre les disparit\u00e9s entre les diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions du monde.<\/p>\n

Comment limiter les effets du r\u00e9chauffement climatique sur la ressource halieutique\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Il est \u00e9vident qu\u2019il faut \u00e9viter la surexploitation des stocks qui, avec le r\u00e9chauffement climatique, est un facteur aggravant pour la pr\u00e9servation de la biodiversit\u00e9. L\u2019avenir est dans une approche \u00e9cosyst\u00e9mique de la gestion des p\u00eaches. Cet angle d\u2019approche permet d\u2019avoir une vision d\u2019ensemble de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me dans lequel cohabite un ensemble d\u2019esp\u00e8ces et d’activit\u00e9s, en prenant en compte des param\u00e8tres comme\u00a0: l\u2019\u00e9tat des stocks, les interactions entre les esp\u00e8ces, les conditions physico-chimiques ou encore la gouvernance. Son but \u00e9tant de pr\u00e9server la biodiversit\u00e9 tout en permettant le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique des fili\u00e8res concern\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

De nombreuses \u00e9tudes restent \u00e0 mener, notamment sur l\u2019adaptation des esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 ces changements rapides.<\/p>\n

Retrouvez la fiche compl\u00e8te de la plateforme Oc\u00e9an et climat ici<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/a> POLOCZANSKA E. S., HOEGH-GULDBERG O., CHEUNG W., P\u00d6RTNER H.-O. and BURROWS M., 2014 \u2013 Cross-Chapter Box On Observed Global Responses Of Marine Biogeogra- Phy, Abundance, And Phenology To Climate Change. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press<\/p>\n

[2]<\/span><\/a> Cheung, W. W. L., Dunne, J., Sarmiento, J. L., and Pauly, D. 2011. Integrating ecophysiology and plankton dynamics into projected maximum fisheries catch potential under climate change in the Northeast Atlantic. \u2013 ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1008\u20131018<\/p>\n

[3]<\/span><\/a> La ZEE est une bande de mer ou d’oc\u00e9an situ\u00e9e entre les eaux territoriales et les eaux internationales, sur laquelle un \u00c9tat riverain (parfois plusieurs \u00c9tats dans le cas d’accords de gestion partag\u00e9e) dispose de l’exclusivit\u00e9 d’exploitation des ressources.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Comme nous le savons, les activit\u00e9s humaines ont un impact r\u00e9el sur le climat, nous entrons dans une aire de changements globaux,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":9027,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","post_format-post-format-image"],"better_featured_image":{"id":9027,"alt_text":"","caption":"","description":"","media_type":"image","media_details":{"width":4608,"height":2592,"file":"2020\/11\/storm-918589.jpg","sizes":{"medium":{"file":"storm-918589-300x169.jpg","width":300,"height":169,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-300x169.jpg"},"large":{"file":"storm-918589-1024x576.jpg","width":1024,"height":576,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-1024x576.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"storm-918589-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"storm-918589-768x432.jpg","width":768,"height":432,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-768x432.jpg"},"1536x1536":{"file":"storm-918589-1536x864.jpg","width":1536,"height":864,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-1536x864.jpg"},"2048x2048":{"file":"storm-918589-2048x1152.jpg","width":2048,"height":1152,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-2048x1152.jpg"},"mrg-recette":{"file":"storm-918589-800x600.jpg","width":800,"height":600,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-800x600.jpg"},"mrg-recette-app":{"file":"storm-918589-400x300.jpg","width":400,"height":300,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-400x300.jpg"},"mrg-espece":{"file":"storm-918589-800x450.jpg","width":800,"height":450,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-800x450.jpg"},"wpvqgr-square-answer":{"file":"storm-918589-300x300.jpg","width":300,"height":300,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-300x300.jpg"},"ebor-admin-list-thumb":{"file":"storm-918589-60x60.jpg","width":60,"height":60,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589-60x60.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]}},"post":9128,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.mrgoodfish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/storm-918589.jpg"},"yoast_head":"\nLe changement climatique et l\u2019impact sur les esp\u00e8ces halieutiques - 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